Part one

The New Law of Gravity & New Time Theory in the Structure of the Universe and the Reality of UFOs

Astrophysical Research

Theories, and New Laws Discovered and Researched by:

Raaid F. Mustafa

June, 1968 - June , 2003

Important notice:

English is my second language, so please forgive me if you see bad grammar, or misspelled wards . I know, I’m not good at this very complicated language but I’m doing the best of my ability.

Thank you all.

Are UFO’s real?

• It is not too smart to reply by saying "NO" , but what if some one said that? This simply means that person can’t see farther than his or her nose. On the other hand, it’s not easy to say "YES" without capturing a UFO, which hasn’t been done yet.

• Making a UFO could prove its existence, but how?

• This research is trying to make that happen.

Starting with the following steps, I will explain my way of thinking:

1. I like to name the UFO a Hovering Machine rather than a Flying Saucer (F.S.) because it isn’t a UFO anymore for me! Also, I accept the concept of Gravity but not the concept of Anti-Gravity (which is another principle that acts contrary to the principle of Gravity itself ).

2. Every machine is based on scientifically-proven principles.

3. The existence of F.S. has not been scientifically proven yet. So is it possible to make one?

4. This research is an attempt to successfully build a hovering machine.

5. The best way to prove the existence of a F.S. is by building one. But:

• Keep in mind that there is a "Reason" for every "WHY?"

• "HOW?" is the work that must be done to explain the answer of the "WHY?"

• So, we have to start by answering the "HOW?"

Let us take the following Example & Result:

• Building the airplane was an imitation of birds flying.

• Flying Saucers (FS.) are an imitation of the Universe. Because, since F.S have an effect on the gravitational field of Earth.

• Studying the Universe is the key to building a FS. The Muslim's Holly Qura’an states, as well as , modern scientific theories , that the Universe is an expanding spherical shape, like the Big Bang Theory, as well as astronomical researches and explorations.

First of all I have to ask this question, was the Universe created by a Creator? Or was it just created by chance? If it was created by chance, this leaves the door wide open for more chances to occur. This also means that the Universe is an balanced structure. In this case, we cannot expect that a human child will be born if a man and woman have sex! And, that is not true. So, the chance theory of creation Universe is illogical. Base on this premise, a Creator must exist, but how? What does He look like? How does He do his work? What does He use? What is His power source?

Its very difficult to answer all these questions. We must invent a method to help us answer these questions. But what would that method look like? To answer I pondered for this for ever since the first time I looked into the sky and I finally understood. I saw the stars separated in the night sky, and I asked myself, " Why are they separated?", "What keeps the distance between them?" Later on when I grew older, I studied Newton theories of gravity; however, I could never accept his ideas as is. I always had the feeling that there must be something missing, what I didn’t know. I am a Muslim. Growing up, I had to study the Holly Quran. They started with me since I was four years old. Later on I noticed ( especially about the parts of creation which brought my attention for unknown reason to me), that the creation story in the Quran is illustrated by opposites. Before I had completed my high school studies, the idea of the opposites came to control my life and thoughts as well as, on every things around me. Like every thing must happen to me twice! That was very strange to me, but it still happened on a daily basis. I had to research this matter, so I started to collect all possible information about creation, opposites and universal structures, like gravity mass, etc. I asked myself the following question:

The opposites: Can we ever find any thing without an opposite? I had came to a final conclusion, that every thing must have an opposite. The reason was the opposites answers my first question about the Creator as he must exist. Also it will keep the Universe balanced. Now Imagine that every thing, even every little thing in the universe can be in a row from top to bottom. This row can be divided to two rows of things, but every thing on the first row will be the opposite of the thing on line at the second row in part of it or some cases all of it.

Mass opposite to Nothingness

Volume opposite to Area

Attraction opposite to Repulsion

Limited size opposite to Unlimited size

Spherical shape opposite to Other shapes

Gravity opposite to Rotation

____________________

If we think about our Universe and Nothingness, they all both two parts of our existence. We can Imagine the limited mass of the Universe sinking to an unlimited volume of nothingness. Also, the total of our existence is the opposite of the Nonexistence which is haven and hellfire. So that; Both Existence and the Non-existence = GOD

And so on all the way down the pyramid, probably we will never be able to count these minor opposites of the Universe.

Then another thought comes to my mind; that is, can I find out if there is a mathematical formula to put the above thoughts in? I asked this question; Is there a mathematical formula to explain the relation between any two opposites?

"Yes", let’s assume any opposite have the value of X, then the other opposite value must be 1/X. Can we notice the exchange relation between any two opposites? Does this mean that any increase in once value will changes the other’s value? Answer is "Yes" for both questions.

X, multiply by, 1/X = 1

1. This is what I named as the [Periodical Contrary Principle - (PCP)].

2. Now, we have a solid ground to start with, and as a reference to correct my steps while we are making progress in my study.

How can PCP answer our questions?

Every thing must have an opposite; absolutely every thing has an opposite.

For example:-

Materialized universe (limited) is the opposite of the nothingness (unlimited). Both opposites at the above point are inapposite to the inexistence of the two opposites themselves, the Heavens and the Hellfire, as an existence and inexistence.

GOD (fixed value), mentioned in PCP formula as number 1 on the left side of the equation.

1. We are alive so we exist, and we are part of the materialized universe.

2. Once we and the universe exist, so that God must exist, and this will keep the balance of the PCP formula.

3. The PCP formula exists in every part and also in the total of the universe. This is will be the presentation of God in the total and in every part.

4. Opposites running in a circle form to repeat themselves.

The materialized universe can take any shape as well as its parts. UnlikeGod, who can’t be shaped, as he is the equivalent for the existence and the inexistence at the top of the pyramid of our existence and the pyramid of the inexistence. While they meet at that point, both will be running in a circle to perform the equality to one, which is GOD. Every thing can be shaped if has an opposite. The opposite for God will not be another God. It would have no PCP system and so could not exist.

This is not my religious conclusions but just a result of my acceptance of the PCP mathematical formula.

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As shown in the holly Qura’an:- They will dwell therein (Heavens & hellfire) for all the time that the heavens & Earth endure, except as thy lord will: for thy lord is the (sure) Accomplisher of what he plan. The above mentioned in the Quran can be explained as follows?

Existence multiplied by Inexistent = GOD

[In Continuous Changing] X [Fixed, no Changes] = GOD

GOD = Will Power

May be some of the Muslims do not agree with me, but that is my way to look at the creation, also to be clear, I must say I do believe in GOD and all of his messengers. God must have messengers; that is one of his ways to teach us indirectly and the direct way of teaching us by the ideas we gain just like by pop up to the mind ideas!

All the stories about the UFOs give us the impression that they may have the ability to create their own gravitational force. Gravity according to the PCP is the Rotation opposite. This means UFOs also have Rotation that was a noticed specification by most of the Observers’ stories.

Gravity & Rotation, how they are generated in the Universe at the first time ?

1. First of all, what is Gravity? How it is generated?

2. Gravity is an applied force on an object that affects its speed and direction of movement.

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Gravity created by the movements of the BBB’s which themselves are created at the center of the object’s mass as shown above.

I assume the existence of final smallest object of Mass (Basic Building Blocks-BBB). This works like the water in a bathroom basin. When water is drained through the basin hole, this affects the floating object on the other side of the basin to move toward the hole (this makes the observer think that the hole side of the basin has a gravity to attract the floating object).These BBB (was assumed and rejected later by Albert Einstein, he had named them - Gravitons ), work like the water of the basin. They are at the weight center of any mass (Plants, Solar systems, stone, etc.). According to their assumed specifications, they will generate the Mass field. As PCP shows, there must be a relation between Mass and Space. BBB is the connection. This means that every two Masses in Space will have a relation in between via their BBBs. This relation will keep the distance between them. So the Gravity which seems to be an attraction force, will actually affect the distance between two objects. If any one of the two objects has any changes in their BBBs quantity. BBBs are produced by the pressure on the weight center of the Mass. The sphere is the common balanced shape in the world of Mass, because its area is the smallest area of any other shape having the equal size of Volume. Mass’s quantity ratio to its Area is a pressure factor; it will affect the quantity of BBBs to be generated at the Weight Center. The ratio of angular velocity to the TIME of one round will be the opposite for the upper ratio of mass & area. According to the PCP formula, gravity is the multiplication between the two ratios, as each ratio is opposite to the other ratio.

So,

G = (M / A) multiply by (2p / T)

How to prove this Formula?

The ratio of each Gravitational force of Earth to the Moon at their surface = 6 /1. This has been proved by regular Physics. This formula got the same result exactly. It has been also tested with all pairs in our solar system positively. Its benefit is to explain the creation of Gravity, which regular Physics can’t do. An additional benefit is expanding our Knowledge and Technology in every field of science (I have many designs as well ; we can find many more – when people understand and trust the idea of - PCP).

Magnets have two polarities N and S, between the two poles similar polarities repelling each others but deferent polarities attracting each other. Newton’s law in gravity is based on attraction affect, unlike my theory based on the repelling which can explain the field effect around any object unlike Newton’s. So, any object will be repelling the second object and not attracting it as Newton’s theory explains. I had mentioned that, BBBs generate the Gravitational field of the object by their movements. This will make the two objects share the distance between them.

D = [ (G1 + G2) / G1 ] X d1

Or,

D = [(G1 + G2) / G2] X d2

D; is the distance between two object’s centers.

G1; First object Gravity. G2; Second object Gravity.

d1 and d2, are the two shares of D, according to their ratio in gravity, Equalized point of gravitational effect on the distance between both centers. Earth & Moon as well any other objects’ gravity, reach the same results as Newton did, but do not forget the benefit of my Idea here.

What is TIME? Is it a relative factor? Earth day is equal approximately to 24 hours, so the day explains the rotation of Earth of one complete round. So, TIME is a factor for rotation! But rotation produce a Centrifugal force which is an opposite act of attraction, and it forces the object to expand. At this point we can imagine that TIME started at the weight center of any rotating object in a continuous spiral line. The age of that object will be equal to the length of that spiral line, or in another wards will be equal to the total amount of rounds.

So, every rotating object has its own TIME. Therefore TIME is also a relative factor.

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Time a Force of change?

Does TIME act like a force? It is making us age and changes many things around us. Also, we think that every thing must change by time as well. Is there nothing stabile because of time? So, is it a force of change (some kind of change)? "Yes". TIME is a concept to explain the rotating movement of an object while its Volume is expanding continuously, by applying a counting force (aging) on any measured point within the object’s volume. As any one of us can be that point, this is why we are growing and getting older. Time is a variation in volume of a mass multiplied by its rotation, so that:

TIME = . of Volume multiply by 2 ?

Note that:

2 p = 360° ÷ 1 radian.

What is the Age?

It is the length of the spiral line between two points, each point created from the intersection of the spiral line within the Object’s Volume limit. We used to consider time as a line. Is that wrong?

"Yes," it’s a spiral line and not a straight line. If we look to the stars, we think the distance between us and the star is a direct line. We have been fooled by the light which we assumed was traveling in straight lines same as time, and that is true to some part, but we forgot that the light can act as a materialized object so that the gravity will apply an bending effect on its traveling lines. At this point is distance relative too? "Yes," this will give the DISTANCE two meanings both of them right. Spiral distance is what we measure our daily things by, but linear distant is the Gravity Force effect. So do we travel every day in spiral lines? "Yes" of course, by using Airplanes, rockets when traveling through space and submarines when diving through the sea. Trains and Cars are linear traveling on one level, so they have a different story.

So, the linearity of light is within the spiral line only; if we look at a star the distance between us and the star is the length of the spiral line from our eyes to the star. That also can be said to the speed of light as it is a measuring method for a relatively linear speed. Does this mean that we can have two types of distance?

Absolutely right, and I named them;

1. Relatively Linear Distance; that is what we are using every day. It’s the regular three dimensions of (Height, Length, and Width), and they are not absolute straight lines, but just at the part of its circle line. "Yes they are in circles and not linear, but because we see part of their circles, that makes us think that they are straight lines.

2. Gravity Linear Distance; it’s the fifth dimension I am claiming now! As an additional dimension to the previous four (Height – Length – Width and the Spiral TIME dimension), which is a linear distance through the volume (3- D) started from the volume’s spherical center (see diagram).

We have five; first, three of them are length, width and height. These are in great circles, but they are linear as it seems to us because we are smaller in size than their circles. Time is the fourth dimension that runs in spiral ways and the fifth dimension is the gravity linear effect.

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Imagining all Five Dimensions together

What Makes [Height, Length and Width], Dimensions in Circles and not of Straight lines?

As mentioned previously, the sphere is the common shape of the Mass of the Universe. The 3 – D are (height – Width – Length) Showing Earth Mass as a sphere, that’s because of the gravity which is trying to keep every thing as small as possible. For Earth volume, the 3-d will be in circles turns to create a spherical triangle to make Earth’s surface which will be considered as Earth’s shape by applying to produce Earth’s sphere.

21st Century will be the beginning of traveling by

Gravity & Time Travel age

Traveling by Gravity, or through time, [because all past centuries we used to travel with (parallel) time] will be the next level of technology we have to claim. This isn’t difficult, if we managed to build a machine which can generate its own gravity force to repel Earth’s gravity.

Types of Traveling Directions

I think there are three types of traveling directions:

1. Surface Traveling; or (2 - D traveling) that’s what we learn and have been doing right after we are born and growing up, like walking, using Cars and sea traveling. It can be explained as Surface Linear Traveling (SLT).

2. Spiral Traveling; or (3 – D traveling) presents an advanced method to travel through the volume of space, like Airplanes and Rockets. Also it can be explained as Spiral Directions of Traveling (SDT).

3. Gravitational Effect Traveling; is what I am intending to lead humanity to reach. As Gravity, is a force effecting in the Volume (3D) Linear Traveling. This also can be explained as (3 – D) Linear Traveling (3-DLT )

1-The smallest material that can ever be in our existence.

2- It has an absolute spherical shape.

3- Produced at the weight center of any larger Mass of an object because of the pressure applied at that center.

4- It’s in continuous rotation around itself. As it approximates infinity speed of rotation, it completes one round around itself in no time. So time at this point will be Zero.

5- It has variable linear speed, varied from Zero to Infinity.

6- Has the ability to change its polarity.

7- Any larger Mass (below the Electron size) will be a quantity of BBBs gatherings. This will make a very long list of Masses below the electron size.

8- The Gravity of the Generator Mass of BBBs, reduce the speed of BBBs to turn them back toward one of the two poles of the generator. Any side of the pole cannot accept more than one BBB at a time. This will give the mass it’s North and South Magnetic polarity.

9- The movements of the BBBs from the Mass (circler; out & in – in & out) will FORCE the generator mass to rotate around itself (around the pole).

10- BBBs leave the generator Mass from its equator level.

Rockets & Airplanes Traveling (on Spiral line Traveling method ) THREE Types of Traveling Directions

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Diagram showing the Light movement & five dimensions TIME Spiral - Layers

Previously I had explained the TIME movement as a spiral line movement. That was not to add more complexity at the same time of this new idea. We all can realize that TIME on Earth is not measured in one place only. And Earth surface is a volume shape (3-Diamentions), that makes the TIME spiral line at the previous study of TIME becomes a Layer instead of a Line; therefore, we can say that TIME movement is in a Spiral - Layers, this also will represent the object’s field. We noticed that TIME alone is a factor for rotation of an object, as we said one day this means that Earth complete one round in a day which is equal to 24 hours (86400 Seconds). So that Earth’s day will be equal to ( 2 p ) .

Time = 2 л

This will make the TIME of one year equal to (365.25 X 2 ð = 730.5 ð), This is the only meaning for TIME, at this point TIME can be considered as directed rotation, but what makes TIME more complicated; that’s no one of us can be very specific unless he or she mentioned the point of measuring TIME; this will include the Area . So Time alone can not give us a meaning without a position. Time-Place is the perfect explanation for TIME, will make the idea of Time as a spiral-Layer more accurate.

TIME dimension is three dimensions in one time; they are two for AREA and one for TIME.

The existence of Relativity of TIME comes from the fact that every planet or galaxy , solar systems have their own rotation; in another words, the TIME affected by the object’s radius, that makes

TIME = 2 π r, which r, is radius.

Or = Circumference (at the level of the object’s equator), this to show relativity of Time. (Note that we are talking always in this book about the sphere or spherical objects).

I had mentioned above that TIME is created by rotation, also previously mentioned the relation between gravity & rotation. In addition to that we know that:

Orbital Speed = radian ÷ time

radian for one round = 2 π

time is, the length of time period [ in seconds, days …etc.] needed to complete one round.

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The ratio between Gravity to radius will vary. Note that radius ray line will be as a distance from object’s center. Gravity will decrease as we are going farther, unlike the distance being increased. This is showing that the spiral line of time will reach an end ( to be in negative value), at a certain point just before the ratio value turns to negative. Field is the volume considered by the difference of radius between the object’s surface till that point. All the rings created because of this ratio are connected together by curved lines. These curved lines create an angle of elevation between the field rings. This elevation is determined by the orbital speed.

As shown on the above diagram, the Photon movements of light are Linear - Spiral direction, the wave theory of light can not explain the reason why the wave shape of the light movement is generated. A Spiral directed shape, as I assumed, is the best way which can explain Light specifications in both materialized photons and (what is called wave). Spiral spin of photons is escape direction from Light source. Any object greater than photon mass traveling linearly in light speed will have volume increase and mass as Einstein said. At the farther edge of the Universe, Photons will be divided to BBBs, because the Gravity of the Universe will be decreased ( as the gravity having an rippling effect and not attraction as Newton had assumed); therefore, the volume of the Photons will expand, so that the BBBs will separate. Then they will return back to the center of the Universe. This also will explain the difference in quantity generated by minor objects and the total quantity of the Universe.

Light generated by objects expands in Linear directions. Gravitational sources will affect Light linearity only without any effect on the Photons spiral movement while they are within the Universe is volume. Of course, Light will pass through the Spiral layers of TIME. Light is reflected from the objects because of the rippling effect between the photons and the gravity of the mass of objects. Light will vanish soon ( immediately for our eyes ) at the room, because walls will reflect some of it; the one how is pass will be captured by the heavy atoms of the elements of mass. Light will keep up reflecting till all of it will be collected by the atoms, these atoms will gain external energy from these photons this energy will be effecting the atoms by changing their stability because of the aging effect by increasing their TIME spiral layers. This also will keep the path of change carrying on from one part of the Universe to the others. Also will explain why we can't capture light in storages, because any storage must be a kind of material of which every element’s atom will capture one photon at a time.

Gravity as previously described is a linear movement. It’s like a falling object toward Earth’s surface. This object will pass through the Time spiral layers.

We can travel through Time only if we can move like the Photons while traveling linearly by gravity. The reason is that the light is the only facility which can pass through a difference of Time spiral layers, but a regular falling object will be in the same Time spiral layer zone.

Introduction to:

HOVERING MACHINE

(Flying Saucer)

Is a " Transportation Machine by using Gravitational Generator (T. M. G. G.)"

As inspired by Universals Construction Theories, new laws discovered and all Research by:

Raaid F. Mustafa

June 1968 - June 12th- 2003

Warning:- This is a Copy right © material. Everything on these slides, Computer files, Text materials, Theories, Ideas, Illustrations & Drawings are owned by Mr. Raaid Fouad Mustafa, USA – 2003. Must be authorized before copying, publishing and (or) any kind of use. Contact the Owner before any kind of use.

My dream to built a machine, which can fly and hover in Earth’s atmosphere and in outer space is come true with the design as I’m trying to explain it as follows:-

I would like to start here by asking a question: What will make the helicopter fly in outer space? That is impossible, because the helicopter needs the atmosphere to fly. But what if we designed a helicopter which can carry its own atmosphere with it! Certainly this idea is not stupid nor silly as the following pages can prove .

According to my study of the Universe’s basic elements and the creation of gravitational force on the effect of the vital field of mass, there are several steps that must be considered before designing a Hovering Machine. These steps are as follows:

1- What is the best shape for a Hovering Machine?

2- What is the Hovering Machine’s Elevating Force?

3- The Hovering Machine is mainly divided into two parts:

A - The upper part (The Engine). This is the heaviest part.

B - Lower part (The Navigation Tower). This part is a light part.

4- The Engine to produce the lifting force:

A - Uses a Cooling/Heating system.

B - Uses rotation as the lifting force.

5- Rotation is accomplished by using a motor connected with a propeller.

6- Rotation as a source of artificial gravity has been proved nowadays by NASA.

My theory is based upon my study of the Universe, and what I have noticed in my study is that there is a special importance to certain basic elements in the Universe. These elements are: the spherical shape, rotation, gravity, and the mass vital field. These factors are very common to the stars, planets, and almost everything in our Universe.

What makes me feel confident about my study is that I used a very common principle to check the results, and I named that principle The Periodical Contrary Principle. To explain this principle I would like to start with this question, "Is there an opposite of everything?" I believe the answer to this question is, "yes, " . A thing without an opposite can never exist. This fact cannot be debated. To state this principle as a mathematical formula, I assumed that if anything we can imagine is (X), and then its opposite must be (1/X).

For example, man is the opposite of a woman in sex, and the sexual relation between the two will not affect either one of them, but it may produce a new human. So the mathematical function here must be a multiplication, because it will not change the main factor of sex, (which is the human), but on the contrary it will keep it. Then we can write this formula as

1= X multiplied by 1/X ____________ (1)

How this principle used here? Newton defined GRAVITY as an attraction force between two masses or planets. So what happens if we tried to use the opposite of attraction, which is repulsion? If we can get the same results as Newton did, can this be considered as a new theory? Can this new theory help us to improve our knowledge? Can this theory provide us with the ability to simulate the Universe in a way similar to what we did recently when we built the airplane as an imitation of the bird? I completed my study by proving my new formula of GRAVITY, based on repelling force. It derives the exact same result as Newton’s law of gravity did. This new law of gravity is as follows:

Gravity force in a mass = (Mass quantity / Mass surface Area) (Time of one rotation).

I am not going to write my studies here, but what I want to say is that as a result of my studies, I have become confident that Hovering Machines can exist. I also believe that we can build one based on certain conditions as mentioned above. These conditions are explained below. A brief explanation of my study will follow the description of the Hovering Machine design.

1 - What is the best shape of a Hovering Machine?

When we watch the movements of a soccer ball, we observe that movement occurs because of its weight center once a player hits it. We know that its weight center is a spherical shape. The sphere is the most common shape in the Universe. When we cut a level pass through the center of the sphere, we will have a half-spherical shape. The upper curved side of the sphere has a larger area than the lower part of the level circle, as is demonstrated by the geometric formula of the sphere, as follows:

Area of Sphere = 4 π R ² _________________ (2)

Half-Sphere Area = 2π R ² ________________(3)

Spherical Sector Area = 2 πR H, ___________(4), where H is height.

Area of Circle = π R ² _______________ (5)

Area of Half-sphere + Area of Circle = 2πR² + πR² = 2 Times an Area larger than a circle level at the sphere’s center.

Also:

Spherical Volume = (4/3) π R ³ ____________(6)

Therefore:

Sector’s Volume = (2 / 3) π R ² H ____ (7), where (H) is height.

The design that I’m describing is a spherical sector. We can get its height from a drawing of a circle by drawing into it a two crossed diameter by 90° at the center. Both diameters touch the circle in four points, by drawing a line between a close two points. This line will make a 45° angle with both crossed diameters at the point of contact on the circle, and this line will be considered from now on as the base of the sector shape of the Hovering Machine (as shown in the attached diagram):

So that,

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Base diameter (B) = R + Sine 45° ____________(8)

As we can notice from the drawing that,

Height (H) = R – (R Cos 45°) ________________(9)

What makes this design my favorite is the ratio between the sector Top area and Base compared with the same ratio of a half-sphere shape. Let us take the following example in a circle with a radius equal to 10 cm, (cos45° equal to 0.707106), (Sin90° = 1 ) According to above equations:

H = 10 – (10 X Cos45°) = 2.9289

Sector Base Radius = Base diameter + 2 = 14.1421 + 2 = 7.071

Note that the Base Area for both in the following table is the same as the area of a circle.

We can see the difference between both volumes in the following table:

Sphere Area (cm²) (Top Area)

Base Area (cm ²) Total Area (cm ²) Sphere / Base

Sphere of Sector 184.0282 157.0766 341.1048 1.1715

Half-Sphere 628.3185 314.1592 942.4777 2.0000003

The sector’s spherical shape provides us with a more efficient shape than the half- sphere, because of fewer ratios between its volumes to its area. This will reduce the weight of the engine by 80.91 % as percentage ratio between their volumes to total area. Also, the Top / Base ratio is less in a sector than in a half-Sphere (0.828 times less). This will have a great effect on designing a Hovering Machine.To explain this great effect let us have this idea: When a Sector volume is 100% filled with water, any pressure applied to the water will transfer the changes to the container (sector top and base). The importance of using a Sector Shape rather than a Half-Spherical shape, based on the tables mentioned above, is simply that a Sector Shape is more efficient than the Half-Sphere Shape, because any assigned inner pressure will cause a reduction of the weight of the container. Imagine if we applied a pressure great enough to equalize the container’s weight by the benefit of the Top to Base Ratio. Assuming that the container‘s walls can hold this pressure; the Top difference is 26.95 cm ² more, according to the above example. This will be considered as the Lifting Force of the Hovering Machine.

2- What is the Hovering Machine’s Elevating Force?

As I have mentioned above, WATER is favorable because of its physical specifications due to temperature. Water expands below zero degrees Centigrade by freezing. This will produce pressure on the Hovering Machine walls according to the conditions that apply in space, and it can produce pressure at high temperatures as well. The pressure is so vital that it can take the Hovering Machine away from any capturing field like a planet or a solar system. This was the first reason to use water as a way to produce the lifting force. But the second reason is important too, as I had noticed during my early youth age when I worked on oil super tankers, that the ship gained extra static charges due to sailing across the sea. Salt water will work best in two ways: first, as a lifting force; and second, as a static charge generator. The charges produced will cover the outside of the Hovering Machine and will work as a protection shield, like the Van Allen belt protecting Earth.

3- Hovering Machine is divided into two parts:

A- The upper part (the Engine). This is the heaviest part.

I had presented above the importance of the Sector Shape, and it seems to be like the engine of the Hovering Machine. The Volume of this sector must be at the upper part of the machine as well as filled with 100% salt water (or close to that), which will increase the efficiency of its function. Also note that this part could be very heavy. The reason for this is the content and the heavy walls to hold the water pressure.

B- The Lower part (Navigation & Lifting Tower)

This part will be connected to the upper one; it can be built out of lighter material. Also, it must not exceed the volume of the upper part, so that it will let the static charges spread to cover the whole spaceship in a spherical shield, according to Faraday’s Law of Static. Volume of (cm ³) Volume to Total Area Percentage of a Sphere

Sphere of Sector = 613.43 1.798 14.64 %

Half-Sphere = 2094.39 2.222 50 %

This part will be the lifting and navigating compartment.

4- The Engine to produce the lifting force.

A- Using a Cooling / Heating system.

Water expands by freezing as well as by boiling. It expands in both ways, producing extra pressure on the container‘s surface. In a sector shape as mentioned above, the pressure will be applied in two opposite directions, the top and the base. Therefore, the Lifting Force is a difference between the two directed pressures, on the top and on the base. Based on the above example of a sector of a spherical shape, it will have a volume of 613.43 cubic centimeters. This will be the volume of water, as the density of pure water is equal to 1 Gm/Cm³. But,

Mass = Volume X Density.

Thus, the weight of the water will be equal to 613.43 Grams. The total weight will equal Sector mass weight + Water weight; let’s assume that the Sector weight is 1000 grams. So that, the total weight = 1613.43 grams. Freezing water increases its volume. The extra volume will apply a certain pressure, but as reaching the freezing point decreases the water temperature, its volume will increase. During the volume changes,a lifting force will apply to make the Hovering Machine elevate even before the water changes to ice completely, but a side effect of this elevation will be shown as a rotation effect on the Hovering Machine. Ice density at 0° C is equal to 0.917 g/ml. But,

1 ml = 1 cm³

The assigned water volume is 613.43 cm³; its weight (mass) will be equal to

613.43 cm³ X 1 gm/cm³ (if it is a distilled water) = 613.43 gm.

The ice volume will be

613.43 gm + 0.917 gm/ cm = 668.95 cm

Therefore, the water volume is increased by

668.95 - 613.43 = 55.52 cm.

The weight of this extra volume of ice is equal to

55.52 cm³ X 0.917 g/cm³= 50.91 gm.

The ratio of 1.1715 between the top to the base = 1.1715 /1.

Then total ratio is equal to

1.1715 + 1 = 2.1715.

The effect toward the base direction is

55.52 gm + 2.1715 = 25.57 gm.

The top effect toward the top direction is

25.57 X 1.1715 = 29.95 gm.

The lifting force produced by the freezing water is

29.95 gm – 25.57 gm = 4.38 gm.

But, we must not forget that the Sector is filled with 100% water. This means that the water weight must be changed due to the container shape. In other words, the water pressure on the inner sector area (the inner area is) less than the outer area by a negligible amount) will be

613.43 gm of water + 341.10 cm ² = 1.798 gm / cm ².

Pressure to Top = 1.798 gm / cm ² X 184. 0282 = 330.88 gm / cm ².

Pressure to Base = 1.798 gm / cm ² + 157.0766 = 282.42 gm / cm ².

330.88 gm / cm ² – 282.42 gm / cm ² = 48.46 gm / cm ². (This will reduce the weight of the water.)

613.43 gm – 48.46 gm = 564.97 gm.

The water loses 7.9 % of its weight because of the spherical sector shape; this is a remarkable benefit of the spherical shape. At this point, we can notice the benefit of the spherical sector in the design of the Hovering Machine. Because of this shape, using the total assigned weight of 1613.43 gm as shown above, the total weight of the device is only 1564.97 gm. When the water changes to ice by freezing it, an additional lifting force will apply as shown above.

1564.97 gm – 50.91gm = 1514.06 gm

The total weight of the designed Hovering Machine changed dramatically from 1613.43 gm to 1514.06 gm by a total weight loss of 99.37 gm, because of the spherical shape and the changes in the volume of water due to freezing. At this point the device doesn’t fly yet, but its weight is reduced due to the shape and the freezing of the water. So we must look for another way to increase the inner-pressure. Freezing water will have less effect in producing a lifting force, but it must still be considered as an important factor.

B - Rotation as a lifting force.

The idea of the juice mixer can support us here to produce an extra lifting force. When we notice a juice mixer rotating to mix the juice, the upper level of the juice will be higher than the level before rotation starts. This is evidence that rotation is a missing factor for additional lifting force to what was mentioned at (A) above, because the increase in height is a lifting force. If the mixer is filled to the top of the jar, rotation will apply extra force on the jar cover to push it out.

5- Rotation by using a motor connected with a propeller.

There are various designs to produce rotation. Motors are more likely to be used here. To rotate the salt water we just need to connect a propeller to a motor. The propeller will be placed on the center of the base level (similar to a juice mixer). The elevating of water weight at the center level during rotation will produce the lifting force. To explain how and how much force rotation can generate, I will proceed with the following calculations. In a rotating object, the Centrifugal Force will neutralize the Centripetal Force, if the object’s impetus is enough to keep it in a circular level.

Centrifugal Force = Centripetal Force, at certain Objects’ Impetus. _______ (10)

This means that an object’s impetus is enough to neutralize the Centripetal Force to keep it in a circle.

click on picture to enlarge

That will be explained as,

Impetus = Centripetal Force. ________________________ (11)

The object’s impetus is a force or weight at a certain amount of Time. So,

Impetus = Force (or weight) multiplied by Time. _____________________ (12)

Also,

Time = Linear Distance + Linear Speed. __________________________ (13)

Or,

Linear Speed = Linear Distance + Time.

Then,

Impetus = (Force X Linear Distance) + Linear Speed. ________________ (14)

Orbital Speed = Radian ÷ Time. ___________________________________ (15)

We can gain at (15) by (13):

Orbital Speed = (Radian X Linear Speed) + Linear Distance. _____________ (16)

Also, from (16) we can say that

Linear Distance = Orbital Speed + (Radius X Linear Speed). _______(17)

From (17) we can rewrite (13) as

Impetus = (Force X Orbital Speed) + (Radius X Linear Speed ²). ___________ (18)

Benefiting from equation (11), we can rewrite equation (10) as follows, by using the equivalent of Impetus, as shown at (18) in the following equation:

Centrifugal Force = (Force X Orbital Speed) + (Radius X Linear Speed ²) ________(19)

Note here, that the above equation (19) will not be true unless the object rotates around the center point in a flat level. (TOP center). The equation (19) is not only a very important factor to determine the importance of the shape of the Hovering Machine, as well as to determine the rotational speed of it, but also it forces us to find the best design to make the centrifugal force an additional possible force to be used. Before going any further, I have to explain the laws above in a way to illustrate how can I best design the Hovering Machine. First of all, we need to gain as much centrifugal force as possible by reducing the values of (Linear Speed ²). Linear Speed is the movement speed of an assigned point on the outer circumference of the base of the Hovering Machine. As equation (18) showed, Time is the amount of time for an assigned point to reach a certain distance from the center of rotation. Also the Linear Distance is the base outer circumference of the Hovering Machine. Therefore, to reduce Linear Speed to the minimum, we have to either increase the speed of rotation, (in other words, to reduce the rotational speed) or to decrease the Linear Distance amount. Certainly we are not going to increase the speed of rotation, because this will reduce the required centrifugal force. So the best thing is to reduce the base size of the Hovering Machine. And we don’t want to do that either. But now, taking a look at the design, it is a volume of a spherical sector shape, and when we decide to rotate the base of its flat level, doesn’t that mean we have to rotate all the volume of the spherical sector? Certainly we want to rotate the whole sector. But the sector TOP is a curved line, from the top center to the base edge. This means we can gain a smaller circumference by rotating the whole sector than by rotating the base, primarily because the proportional share between the base center and its edge on the curve will be divided by a line from the base center angle and the proportional share point on the faced curve. The circumference of the proportional share point level on the curve, which is parallel to the base level, will be the collective linear distance, which has a smaller circumference than the base. I am going to explain the factors of equation (19) above as follows:

Force is the total weight of the Hovering Machine. However, as we consider the water as the source of generating the lifting force, then we must consider a primary force of the total weight and a secondary force produced by water rotation to generate the lifting force. The Orbital Speed is the total weight of the volume of the sector. Since we are rotating the salt water, then orbital speed will be caused by the water rotation. In other words, it is the ratio between the base’s Circumferences to the Time of one complete round.

Radius is equal to 2 π, because of the water’s rotation around the base center where the propeller is. Linear Speed is a ratio of the minimum possible Circumference of the level generated by water rotation which the water‘s Centrifugal Force identifies, to the Time of one complete round of water rotation, multiplied by the motor RPM (where Speed = Distance + Time).

Then (19) can be rewritten as

Centrifugal Force = (Total H. M. Weight X (Base Circum. / Time of one round)) + {2 π X (2nd level circum. / RPM) ²}. _______(20)

The Hovering Machine’s weight will be ZERO related to Earth when

Centrifugal Force = Hovering Machine’s Weight, which elevates when Centrifugal Force > its weight.

As in (10) above, I said that

Centrifugal Force = Centripetal Force, at certain Objects’ Impetus. _______ (10)

Therefore, we can rewrite (20) as

Centripetal force = {Total Hovering Machine weight X its base circumference X Motor RPM} + {2ð Speed of Hovering Machine For One Round X Circumference of higher water Rotated Level. ____________(21)

This formula illustrates that, with a low Circumference of higher water, the Rotational Level can be reached. This will dramatically affect the result, but notice that this level must be at the top of the spherical shape. Underneath the curve of the sphere, the level will be smaller at zero size. So the two critical main factors to make this formula work and the explanation to lift a Hovering Machine are as follows:

1- The Hovering Machine’s Engine must be 100% filled with water and no less than 100% water, because this is the only way to make the level underneath approach zero.

2- Any RPM will change the speed of one rotation from infinity to a positive value, thus making the formula result a positive and larger value.

Here it becomes clear that my experiments wouldn’t succeed unless I used 100% water to fill my Hovering Machine. Also, (21) can be written as follows:

Centripetal force = {Total Hovering Machine weight X Speed of rotation X Motor RPM} + {2ð X Circumference of higher water Rotated Level}. _______(22)

click on picture to enlarge

This means that the Hovering Machine will rotate at a high speed to gain lifting force.

Astrophysical Research

Theories, and New Laws Discovered and Researched by:

Raaid F. Mustafa

June, 1968 - June , 2003

U.S. Copyright © 2003 No. R956429824 for Raaid F. Mustafa. All Rights Reserved. No part of this Web site may be reproduced in any form without the expressed written permission of Raaid Mustafa before any use of this book in Part or All.